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Metallomics is a frontier interdisciplinary subject at its vigorous development stage. Its goal is to systematically study the content, distribution, chemical species, structural characteristics and functions of metal elements in biological system. It is also a comprehensive discipline to study the existing state and function of free or complex metal elements in life. Metallomics is an ideal tool to study the biological behavior of inorganic elements, which can be used to solve many problems in the research of mineral Chinese medicine(MCM). It provides a strong theoretical basis and technical support for the research of MCM. Its theory and methods provide re-ference and enlightenment for the in-depth study of MCM, and also provide new ideas and open up new ways for the research of MCM. The application of metallomics theory and methods in the research of MCM is of great significance to reveal the material basis and mec-hanism of MCM, promote the process of basic research on MCM, fully exploit and utilize medicinal mineral resources and carry forward the traditional MCM treasure in China. In this paper, we introduced the concept, academic development, research content and research methods of metallomics, and discussed the application prospects of metallomics in the analysis of inorganic element composition characteristics and quality control, material basis and mechanism of MCM, so as to provide reference for further researches on MCM.
Subject(s)
China , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Minerals , Quality ControlABSTRACT
Mineral Chinese medicine is an indispensable part in traditional Chinese medicine, with a history of several thousand years in research and utilization of medicinal mineral resources. It is a summary of the medical experience accumulated in numerous trials,observations and practices during the survival process of people of all nationalities, showing distinctive characteristics. At present,the scope of mineral medicine treatment involves internal medicine,surgery,gynecology,pediatrics,facial features and so on. The mineral Chinese medicine has broad clinical application in many kinds of hemorrhagic diseases,with rich experience in medication and remarkable curative effects. However, there are few papers in modern research, mainly concentrated in the 1970s-1990s. In this paper, the pharmacology and clinical application of mineral Chinese medicine with hemostatic effects in the last 40 years were reviewed, aiming to provide references for its clinical rational use in bleeding diseases,further development and utilization of mineral Chinese medicine resources of traditional Chinese medicine,in-depth study of material basis and action mechanism,and further exploration of mineral Chinese medicine resources. According to the statistics of the major Chinese medicine works,27 kinds of mineral drugs have hemostatic effects. The researches on hemostatic pharmacology of mineral Chinese medicine mainly focus on the analysis of mineral medicine elements and the effect of related elements on hemostasis,as well as the pharmacological experimental study on hemostasis, but the research is not deep-going and comprehensive. The clinical application of mineral Chinese medicine for hemostasis mainly includes digestive tract hemorrhage,hemoptysis,epistaxis,gingival hemorrhage,cerebral hemorrhage,post-abortion hemorrhage,metrorrhagia,uterine bleeding,hematochezia and external hemostasis.
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Objective: To investigate the antidiarrheal effect and the gastrointestinal motility of two kinds of Limonitum with different mineral genesis, so as to select the optimal mineral genesis, and provide a theoretical basis for clinical use. Method: The selected research samples were leaching type and sedimentary type Limonitum with different mineral genesis, including powder, water decoction and dregs. In the experiment, castor oil (0.2 mL/10 g) was used to induce diarrhea, loperamide (4 mg·kg-1) was used for positive control, and then the antidiarrheal activity and the gastrointestinal motility were observed. Result: In the castor oil-induced diarrhea experiment, the diarrhea index of the water decoction (2.5,5,10 g·kg-1) and the dregs (2.5 g·kg-1) of leaching type Limonitum significantly reduced (P-1) of leaching type limonitum and the dregs (2.5,5,10 g·kg-1) of the leaching type Limonitum were significant different at the first defecation (P-1) and the water decoction (2.5 g·kg-1) of leaching type Limonitum, and the total feces weight of the mice were significantly decreased (P-1), the dregs (2.5,5,10 g·kg-1) of the sedimentary, the powder (2.5,5 g·kg-1), the water decoction (2.5,5,10 g·kg-1) and the dregs (10 g·kg-1) of leaching type Limonitum were significantly lower than those of the model group on the intestinal motility, with charcoal as a marker (P-1) of leaching type Limonitum was significantly higher than that of the model group on the content of small intestine contents (P-1) of sedimentary type limonitum, and the water decoction (2.5,5 g·kg-1) of leaching type Limonitum were significantly lower than those of the model group on gastric residual rate (P-1), the dregs (5 g·kg-1) of sedimentary type Limonitum were significantly reduced on the water content of large intestine compared with the model group (P-1 of Limonitum can inhibit the contraction of isolated ileum induced by acetylcholine in rabbits except 0.003 3 g·mL-1 water decoction of leaching type. Conclusion: Mineral medicine Limonitum has a certain therapeutic effect in castor oil-induced diarrhea. Leaching type limonitum has the best antidiarrheal effect.
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Objective: To evaluate the quality of Limonitum from different mineral genesis and select its high quality mineral resources by analyzing its mineral compositions and content. Method: The mineral compositions and content of different samples were analyzed by polarizing microscope and X-ray diffraction,and goethite content was taken as the evaluation index. SPSS 16.0 statistical software was used for hierarchical cluster analysis of the mineral compositions in different samples. Result: Limonite,quartz,illite and mica kaolinite were the main components of Limonitum from leaching disseminated type. Sedimentary type limonite was mainly composed of limonite,quartz and albite. Residual-alteration type limonite was mainly composed of limonite,quartz,diopside and carnallite. The content of goethite in limonite was highest (46.4%) in sedimentary type limonite from Jiangxi province,followed by that in leaching-disseminated type from Jiangsu province (17.9%) and leaching-disseminated type from Shandong province (0.5%). The content of sedimentary goethite was higher than 12.0%and the content of leaching-disseminated type goethite was between 0.5%and 18.0%, with significant difference; and the content of residual-alteration type was below 3.0%. Cluster analysis of mineral components in different samples showed that 6 samples of leaching-dissemination type were clustered into one group,3 samples of sedimentation type were clustered into one group,and 2 samples of residual-alteration type were clustered into one group. Conclusion: The quality of sedimentary type Limonitum in Jiangxi is the best. Generally,the quality of sedimentary type is better than that of leaching-disseminated type, and the quality of leaching disseminated type is better than that of residual-alteration type.
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Objective: Ammonium alum is a common counterfeit of Alumen,and the processed product of ammonium alum is a common counterfeits of calcined Alumen. This paper aims to establish a method for identifying Alumen,calcined Alumen,ammonium alum and their processed products. Method: The samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X ray diffraction (XRD) in this paper. Result: Ammonium alum and Alumen showed obvious changes in morphology after processing. Both Alumen and ammonium alum showed obvious differences in morphology at×250 and×1 000 times microscope. Alumen presented irregular fragments,clear edge corners,smooth surface,scattered irregular small particles,occasional holes and longitudinal edges. Ammonium alum presented irregular clumps,blunt edges,not obvious edges and corners,uneven surface,scattered smaller and round-like particles. The difference in morphology was not obvious at×250 times microscope between Alumen and ammonium alum processed products. While at×1 000 times,the surface of calcined Alumen was uneven with coarse particles; the surface of counterfeit calcined Alumen was flat,and the coarse particle characteristics were not obvious. XRD can be used to rapidly and accurately identify the primary phase of Alumen,calcined Alumen,ammonium alum and ammonium alum processed products:KAl(SO4)2·12H2O,NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O,KAl(SO4)2,and NH4Al(SO4)2 respectively, with 2θ angle characteristic value of 23,12,22 and 5 respectively for XRD peak. Conclusion: SEM and XRD techniques can be used for the identification of Alumen,calcined Alumen,ammonium alum and their counterfeit products.
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Objective: To provide the new quality control means for Alumen by investigating the elemental differences between calcined Alumen and its counterfeit processed products of ammonium alum, and establishing their characteristic chromatogram. Method: The contents of 22 inorganic elements both in calcined Alumen and processed products of ammonium alum were determined by means of inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-optical emission spectrometer-mass spectrometry (ICP-OES/ICP-MS),SPSS 16.0 was used for cluster analysis (CA) while SIMCA-P 13.0 with t-test and Rank-Sum test was used to identify the differential inorganic elements. In addition, the characteristic spectrum of the inorganic elements for calcined Alumen and counterfeit calcined alumen were established. Result: Calcined Alumen had highest contents of K and Al while counterfeit calcined Alumen has highest contents of Al and Fe;Cr,Sr,and Mn contents in calcined Alumen were relatively higher,while Mn,Ti,and Ga contents in processed products of ammonium alum were relatively higher. The content of K in calcined Alumen was about 205 times of that of counterfeit products. On the contrary,the average contents of Fe,Ti,Mn and Ga in counterfeit products of ammonium alum were much higher than those in calcined Alumen,33,46,38, 27 times, respectively. A total of 18 samples were clustered into two categories in CA:calcined Alumen and processed products of ammonium alum. 18 inorganic elements showed significant difference in contents(PConclusion: This method can be used for quality control of calcined Alumen.
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Models were established in mice with warfarin sodium method, and their bleeding time and hemostasis time were measured by tail cutting method and slide method respectively. Rats were administered for 15 consecutive days to measure their recalcification time, plasma viscosity, platelet adhesion rate, platelet aggregation rate and other blood indexes. As compared with the blank group, the bleeding time was prolonged in model groupn(P<0.05). As compared with the model group, the results showed that the positive vitamin K, the leaching type water decoction and the sediment type decoction could significantly shorten the bleeding time (P<0.01); positive vitamin K significantly (P<0.01) shortened clotting time, and the leaching type water decoction, the sediment type water decoction and the sediment type powder could also shorten the clotting time (P<0.05). As compared with blank group, low dose, medium dose of leaching type water decoction, medium dose of powder, high dose of sediment type decoction and low dose of drug residues could reduce plasma viscosity (P<0.05), and high dose of leaching powder and low dose of water decoction could significantly reduce (P<0.01) plasma viscosity. As compared with blank group, Limonitum leaching type decoction high dose group could significantly reduce the platelet adhesion rate (P<0.05), while sediment type water decoction could significantly increase the platelet adhesion rate (P<0.05); the high dose of leaching type water decoction, high dose of drug residues, low dose of leaching type powder and low dose of drug residues could decrease the platelet aggregation rate (P<0.05), while high dose of leaching type water decoction and high dose of the powder could increase the platelet aggregation rate (P<0.05). Analysis of mineral compositions was conducted by polarized light microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of the both methods showed that Limonitum mineral compositions contained goethite, quartz, and kaolinite, and sedimentary type also contained illite and albite. Sediment type of Limonitum showed better hemostatic effect, which may be related to the high content of goethite and illite.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To optimize the conditions of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for curcumin in Curcuma longa.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Optimum extraction conditions were studied by orthogonal tests. The extracts were analyzed by HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The optimal extraction conditions were pressure 25 MPa, temperature 55 degrees C, static time 4 h, dynamic time 5 h, flow rate of CO2 3.5 L x min(-1), co-solvent ethanol 30% (mL x g(-1)).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is feasible to extract curcumin by SFE.</p>